【which(从句的用法总结)】在英语语法中,"which" 引导的从句是一种常见的定语从句形式,用于对先行词进行补充说明或限定。它通常用来修饰名词或代词,并且在句子中起到连接主句和从句的作用。虽然 "which" 和 "that" 在某些情况下可以互换使用,但它们在语义和用法上仍有一些区别。本文将对 "which" 从句的常见用法进行系统性总结,帮助学习者更好地理解和运用这一语法结构。
一、which 从句的基本结构
"which" 从句的结构通常是:
主句 + which + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分
例如:
- The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
(我从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣。)
在这个句子中,“which I borrowed from the library”是对“the book”的进一步说明,属于定语从句。
二、which 从句的分类
根据其功能和位置的不同,"which" 从句可以分为以下几种类型:
1. 定语从句(Attributive Clause)
这是 "which" 最常见的用法,用于修饰前面的名词或代词,提供额外信息。
- The car which is parked outside is mine.
(停在外面的那辆车是我的。)
2. 非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictive Attributive Clause)
这种从句不改变主句的核心意义,通常用逗号与主句隔开,表示补充说明。
- My brother, who lives in Shanghai, is coming to visit me.
(我住在上海的哥哥要来看我。)
注意:非限制性定语从句中不能使用 "that",只能用 "which"。
3. 前置型 which 从句(Which clause at the beginning)
有时 "which" 可以放在句首,引导一个独立的从句,相当于 “and this/that...”
- Which is important, we should make a decision quickly.
(这一点很重要,我们应该迅速做出决定。)
三、which 从句的使用注意事项
1. which 不能指人:如果先行词是人,应使用 "who" 或 "whom",而不是 "which"。
- 错误:The girl which is talking to Tom is my sister.
- 正确:The girl who is talking to Tom is my sister.
2. which 不用于限制性定语从句:在正式写作中,若从句是限制性的(即去掉后句子意思不完整),一般使用 "that" 而不是 "which"。
- 正确:The book that I bought yesterday is very expensive.
- 错误:The book which I bought yesterday is very expensive.(虽然口语中可能接受,但在书面语中更推荐用 "that")
3. which 不能省略:在非限制性定语从句中,"which" 不能省略,否则句子会不完整。
- 正确:The house, which was built in 1900, is now a museum.
- 错误:The house, was built in 1900, is now a museum.
四、which 从句的常见句型
| 句型 | 例句 |
|------|------|
| which + 主语 + 动词 | The city which lies on the coast is very beautiful. |
| which + be 动词 + 表语 | The problem which seems simple is actually quite complex. |
| which + 情态动词 + 动词原形 | The man which can speak three languages is our new teacher. |
五、which 从句的翻译技巧
在翻译 "which" 从句时,要注意其在句中的作用。如果是定语从句,通常可以译为“……的”,如果是非限制性从句,则可以用“……,这/那……”来表达。
- The novel which I read last week is very touching.
(我上周读的那本小说很感人。)
- The meeting, which was held in Beijing, was a great success.
(这次在北京市举行的会议取得了巨大成功。)
通过以上内容的学习,我们可以看到,"which" 从句在英语中用途广泛,尤其在描述事物、补充信息方面具有重要作用。掌握其基本结构、分类及使用规则,有助于我们在写作和口语中更加准确地表达自己的意思。希望这篇总结能帮助你更好地理解和运用 "which" 从句。